Evaluation of myself Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evaluation of myself - Essay Example As per my mother, I was always a disciplined and good natured person who has evolved into a responsible and reliable personality. It goes without saying that while constructing this configuration; my mother was to a large extent biased pertaining to the selection of data she subscribed to, to shape my persona. The information that she relied on to typify my configuration was primarily obsolete, as she had either little information as to how I carried myself as a social   and professional person, or she decided to ignore the information at her disposal, going by the choice of words that she used to define me. Not to mention that such a response from her was accurately in consonance with my expectations, though not in tandem with my innate self concept. I can say that my mother’s opinion of me was aimed at securing optimal relational satisfaction for her. The configuration contrived by my mother catered to my innate self concept that is adhered to a large extent to the stable set of perceptions that I held about myself. This indeed boosted my self esteem as it satiated that aspect of my, self concept that involved personal evaluations of my, self worth. I also need to mention that this particular interaction with my mother proceeded smoothly as her and mine communication was indeed impacted by a mutually evinced high self esteem. As my mother happens to be a ‘significant other’ in my life I must acknowledge that her evaluation of me was especially taken to be quiet influential.   This evaluation was no way influenced by any viable and pragmatic social comparison. Wang had been working as my subordinate for the past ten months and in the context of personal expectations, I considered him to be quiet close to me, irrespective of him being my subordinate. However, the configuration that Wang assorted turned out to be really surprising yet insightful in many respect. As per Wang, I happened to be a talented person, who lacked in patience and many a times he found me quiet confusing and indecisive. The conclusions arrived at by Wang tore through my, self serving biases as I considered myself to be quiet a patient and calm person. However, ascribing me to be impatient was indeed contrary to my expectations. Besides, in a way it turned to be insightful that I had always assumed Wang to be like me, which he was not. The configuration of Wang was always culturally influenced as he happens to be a person of Chinese origin. Being from a high power distance culture, perhaps Wang expected me to be hierarchical in my approach towards my subordinates, whic h I being from a low power distance culture, scarcely am. My habit of delegating responsibilities while extending minimal instructions may have turned out to be quiet unsettling for Wang, when he always expected me to be clear and concise with my professional expectations. The configuration facilitated by Wang especially upraised me of the need for retaining a flexible self concept and the need for not over resisting the revision of my personal self concept. Thereby while communicating with Wang I tried my best to not to engage in cognitive conservatism that is seeking only such information that bolstered my

Comparison and Contrasts of Literary Work Essay Example for Free

Comparison and Contrasts of Literary Work Essay In my paper I will be comparing and contrasting two literary works of a short story and a poem. The short story and poem I chosen to compare and contrast is â€Å"Story of the Lost Son† (Gospel of Luke) and â€Å"The Boxer† (Paul Simon and Brue Woodley. On my paper I will be writing about the similarities and differences between the short story â€Å"Story of the Lost Son† and the poem â€Å"The Boxer†. My paper will be given you the insights on a short story and poem can be similar in one way, but also different in another. In the short story of â€Å"Story of the Lost Son† it was about a poor father with two sons and the youngest son wanted to go out in the world on his to get what was coming to him. In the poem â€Å"The Boxer† you have a poor boy who want to leave home and go out in the world and make something for his self but couldn’t because he didn’t have the money for it. In the first paragraph I will be talking about the short story of the â€Å"Story of the Lost Son† (Gospel of Luke). In the short story â€Å"Story of the Lost Son† it was about a poor family with just a father and two sons. The father had some land and money put up for his two sons when they was ready to be on their own. So that they could have a little something rather than go out on their own nothing. When the youngest son found out that his father had that for them he goes and tells his father that he was ready to be on his own and he was ready to get what he had coming to him. His father’s told him he wasn’t ready because he was still just a boy but he argues that he was ready. When he left from home he got marry and blew all his money in just a month and didn’t had any way to get it back. So what he had to do was run back home and apologies to his father to see if his father would accept him back home even though he ran off knowing that his father was trying to tell him he wasn’t ready. But for him being stubborn and hardheaded he didn’t know what the income would be. In this paragraph I will be talking about the poem â€Å"The Boxer† by Paul Simon and Brue Woodley (1968). In â€Å"The Boxer† they are talking about a poor boy who was from a family who didn’t have nothing and been promise so much, but didn’t receive it. Realizing that all of it was just a lie he set off on his own it search for something better for him and his family. Stranded in a railroad stations surrounded by workmen with wages he found his self with the rest of the ragged people begging for quarters. He had his mind set to find a job, but he didn’t get any offers from any jobs. Being in New York City he found his self lonesome and homesick, because he was all by his self it a city he didn’t know. At those times he would catch his self in the street of the Seventh Avenue with the rest of the people who didn’t have anything to do. That’s when he started boxing and always relied on his two gloves to give him the comfort he need. Young boy never went back home since he left. The similarities that these two literary works have in common are that they both were young boys who were poor and they left home. In the short story of â€Å" Story of the Lost Son† the youngest left home with the little money his father gave him to because he claim that he was ready to be on his own. And then in the poem of â€Å"The Boxer† he was also a young boy leaving his home to go somewhere else because he thought he would do better out there away from their family. But if you read both works, you would realize that they both boys came from a poor family try to find somewhere else to go to better their self. What else these two literary works have in common is the theme because they are both from a poor family with nothing going out there in the to make something out of their selves. The differences between the short story and the poem are a whole lot. In â€Å"Story of the Lost Son† the youngest son left home because he didn’t want to follow the rules his father was giving him and he thought he was ready to be out there on his own but he wasn’t. And then he blew all the money his father gave him because he got marry and less than a month he didn’t have nothing left and he went back home begging and telling his father sorry because he thought his father wouldn’t let him come back. How the poem â€Å"The Boxer† different is that you have a young boy leaving home to find something better for him and his family. He didn’t leave home, because he wanted what was coming for him, he left to better his self. Both literary work the character left home on their own, but only one made something of his self and didn’t went back home begging his family to figure him. In conclusion my two literary works that I compare and contrast show you how two different literature a similar, but also different. They both was young people who left their family and home to go on their own but only one make something of their selves while the other return back home the same way they left. So what I’m trying to say I enjoy these two literature because they both show you the do’s and don’ts. If you go out there on your own and you came from nothing it best to fight so that you want feel like you waste your time.

Impact of Fire on the Geology of Soils Essay -- Wildfires and Soil Geo

Fires are an important and healthy process in many ecosystems. The lack of fires can cause new plant communities to invade an area . The regular occurrence of fires can keep one plant community dominate, like oak savannas. Fires can leave burnt sticks the size of trees and clumps of charcoal where bunch grass use to grow, but not for long. An area that was burned will re-grow, grasslands will be green the next growing season and forests will typically show new growth soon after. Somewhere in the process of a fire the soil it travels over is effected. Alterations happen immediately after a fire passes over a soil and can continue years after a fire has gone. Soils are impacted in two main ways; by the entering of nutrients form the brunt organic matter (living vegetation and by the litter on the surface of the soil) and the heating of the soil and the nutrients already present in the soil. The greater the duration and intensity of the fire will influence the amount of alteration of th e soil. A prescribed burn is usually less intense than a wildfire. Prescribed burns are put on when conditions are right, meaning that the area is not too dry or too large. Wildfires on the other hand can start at any time and burn vast areas and last for days out of control. One reason wildfires usually are more intense than prescribed burns is because of the fire suppression that lasted most of this century allowed large amounts of fuel to pile up waiting to be burned. Vegetation in these areas will grow back regardless, but it is the soils that have a harder time recovering from the intense heat. One other difference to consider when looking at the types of fires, is a forest fire verses a grassland fire. Forest fires usually last longer and h... ... A., 1989, Effect of simulated forest fire on the availability of N and P in Mediterranean soils: Plant Soil. v. 120, p. 57-63. Mroz, G. D., Jurgensen, M. F., Harvey, A. E., and Larsen, M. J., 1980, Effects of fire on nitrogen in forest floor horizons: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 44, p. 395-400. Prieto-Fernandez, A., Villar, M. C., Carballas, M. and Carballas, T., 1993, Short-term effects of a wildfire on the nitrogen status and its mineralization kinetics in an Atlantic forest soil: Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 25, p. 1657-1664. Ulery, A. L. and Graham, R. C., 1993, Forest fire effects on soil color and texture: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 57, p. 135-140. Ulery, A. L., Graham, R.C. and Bowen, L. H., 1996, Forest fire effects on phyllosilicates in California: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 60, p. 309-315.

Bush :: essays research papers

American Government Bush’s Address Before this speech I didn’t know what to think about Bush as a president. After reading his speech my view on him has changed greatly. Not only did talk about the American people but also other countries. Through out his speech he pleased both the anti-war Americans but the pro-war American’s also. Bush has a lot of respect, or bravery for saying that "the United States respects the people of Afghanistan--after all, we are currently its largest source of humanitarian aid--but we condemn the Taliban regime". It shows that he has his thoughts all collected and he is not rushing and attacking and putting blame on the people of Afganistan. He still has concerned for them, that they are just repressing their own people He tried to please every American by being saying there will be a war but not like other wars. By saying â€Å"Our response involves far more than instance retaliation and isolated strikes. Americans should not expect one battle, but a lengthy campaign unlike any other we have even seen.† He went on to say that it’s not a war against Afganistan but a war on terrorists'. I liked how bush puts his foot down and threatens the Taliban. Demanding them to close permanently every terrorist training camp and hand over every terrorist and everyone who participated to the proper authority. Saying that his demands are not open to negotiation or discussion so they must turn in the terrorists or "or they will share in their fate. He is threatening them but also has enough bravery to do it considering what they have already done In the last part of his speech he goes on how "we will come together† to strengthen American and so on then how he hopes that in the months ahead life returns to almost normal but how "our resolve must not pass". We will always remember that day and to whom it happened. I also liked how Bush showed the police shield of a man named George Howard, who died at the W. trade center trying to save others and how "This is my reminder of lives that ended, and a task that does not end. Then he ends it with how he will not yield, will not rest for the freedom and security for the

Foundation’s Edge CHAPTER TWO MAYOR

MAYOR Branno had been waiting for an hour, thinking wearily. Technically speaking, she was guilty of breaking and entering. What's more, she had violated, quite unconstitutionally, the rights of a Councilman. By the strict laws that held Mayors to account since the days of Indbur III and the Mute, nearly two centuries before – she was impeachable. On this one day, however, for twenty-four hours she could do no wrong. But it would pass. She stirred restlessly. The first two centuries had been the Golden Age of the Foundation, the Heroic Era – at least in retrospect, if not to the unfortunates who had lived in that insecure time. Salvor Hardin and Hober Mallow had been the two great heroes, semideified to the point of rivaling the incomparable Hari Seldon himself. The three were a tripod on which all Foundation legend (and even Foundation history) rested. In those days, though, the Foundation had been one puny world, with a tenuous hold on the Four Kingdoms and with only a dim awareness of the extent to which the Seldon Plan was holding its protective hand over it, caring for it even against the remnant of the mighty Galactic Empire. And the more powerful the Foundation grew as a political and commercial entity, the less significant its rulers and fighters had come to seem. Lathan Devers was almost forgotten. If he was remembered at all, it was for his tragic death in the slave mines, rather than for his unnecessary but successful fight against Bel Riose. As for Bel Riose, the noblest of the Foundation's adversaries, he too was nearly forgotten, overshadowed by the Mule, who alone among enemies had broken the Seldon Plan and defeated and ruled the Foundation. He alone was the Great Enemy – indeed, the last of the Greats. It was little remembered that the Mule had been, in essence, defeated by one person – a woman, Bayta Darell – and that she had accomplished the victory without the help of anyone, – without even the support of the Seldon Plan. So, too, was it almost forgotten that her son and granddaughter, Toran and Arkady Darrell, had defeated the Second Foundation, leaving the Foundation, the First Foundation, supreme. These latter-day victors were no longer heroic figures. The times had become too expansive to do anything but shrink heroes into ordinary mortals. Then, too, Arkady's biography of her grandmother had reduced her from a heroine to a figure of romance. And since then there had been no heroes – not even figures of romance. The Kalganian war had been the last moment of violence engulfing the Foundation and that had been a minor conflict. Nearly two centuries of virtual peace! A hundred and twenty years without so much as a ship scratched. It had been a good peace – Branno would not deny that – a profitable peace. The Foundation had not established a Second Galactic Empire – it was only halfway there by the Seldon Plan – but, as the Foundation Federation, it held a strong economic grip on over a third of the scattered political units of the Galaxy, and influenced what it didn't control. There were few places where â€Å"I am of the Foundation† was not met with respect. There was no one who ranked higher in all the millions of inhabited worlds than the Mayor of Terminus. That was still the title. It was inherited from the leader of a single small and almost disregarded city on a lonely world on the far edge of civilization, some five centuries before, but no one would dream of changing it or of giving it one atom more glory-in-sound. As it was, only the all-but-forgotten title of Imperial Majesty could rival it in awe. – Except on Terminus itself, where the powers of the Mayor were carefully limited. The memory of the Indburs still remained. It was not their tyranny that people could not forget but the fact that they had lost to the Mule. And here she was, Harla Branno, the strongest to rule since the Mule's death (she knew that) and only the fifth woman to do so. On this day only had she been able to use her strength openly. She had fought for her interpretation of what was right and what should be – against the dogged opposition of those who longed for the prestige – filled Interior of the Galaxy and for the aura of Imperial power – and she had won. Not yet, she had said. Not yet! Jump too soon for the Interior and you will lose far this reason and for that. And Seldon had appeared and had supported her in language almost identical with her own. It made her, for a time, in the eyes of all fine Foundation, as wise as Seldon himself. She knew they could forget that any hour, however. And this young man dared to challenge her on this day of days. And he dared to be right? That was the danger of it. He was right? And by being right, he might destroy the Foundation! And now she faced him and they were alone. She said sadly, â€Å"Could you not have come to see me privately? Did you have to shout it all out in the Council Chamber in your idiotic desire to make a fool of me? What have you done, you mindless boy?† Trevize felt himself flushing and fought to control his anger. The Mayor was an aging woman who would be sixty-three on her next birthday. He hesitated to engage in a shouting match with someone nearly twice his age. Besides, she was well practiced in the political wars and knew that if she could place her opponent off-balance at the start then the battle was half-won. But it took an audience to make such a tactic effective and there was no audience before whom one might be humiliated. There were just the two of them. So he ignored her words and did his best to survey her dispassionately. She was an old woman wearing the unisex fashions which had prevailed for two generations now. They did not become her. The Mayor, the leader of the Galaxy – if leader there could be – was just a plain old woman who might easily have been mistaken for an old man, except that her iron-gray hair was tied tightly back, instead of being worn free in the traditional male style. Trevize smiled engagingly. However much an aged opponent strove to make the epithet â€Å"boy† sound like an insult, this particular â€Å"boy† had the advantage of youth and good looks – and the full awareness of both. He said, â€Å"It's true. I'm thirty-two and, therefore, a boy – in a manner of speaking. And I'm a Councilman and, therefore, ex officio, mindless. The first condition is unavoidable. For the second, I can only say I'm sorry.† â€Å"Do you know what you've done? Don't stand there and strive for wit. Sit down. Put your mind into gear, if you can, and answer me rationally.† â€Å"I know what I've done. I've told the truth as I've seen it.† â€Å"And on this day you try to defy me with it? On this one day when my prestige is such that I could pluck you out of the Council Chamber and arrest you, with no one daring to protest?† â€Å"The Council will recover its breath and it will protest. They may be protesting now. And they will listen to me all the more for the persecution to which you are subjecting me.† â€Å"No one will listen to you, because if I thought you would continue what you have been doing, I would continue to treat you as a traitor to the full extent of the law.† â€Å"I would then have to be tried.. I'd have my day in court.† â€Å"Don't count on that. A Mayor's emergency powers are enormous, even if they are rarely used.† â€Å"On what grounds would you declare an emergency?† â€Å"I'll invent the grounds. I have that much ingenuity left, and I do not fear taking the political risk. Don't push me, young man. We are going to come to an agreement here or you will never be free again. You will be imprisoned for the rest of your life. I guarantee it. They stared at each other: Branno in gray, Trevize in multishade brown. Trevize said, â€Å"What kind of an agreement?† â€Å"Ah. You're curious. That's better. Then we can engage in conversation instead of confrontation. What is your point of view?† â€Å"You know it well. You have been crawling in the mud with Councilman Compor, have you not?† â€Å"I want to hear it from you – in the light of the Seldon Crisis just passed.† â€Å"Very well, if that's what you want – Madam Mayor!† (He had been on the brink of saying â€Å"old woman.†) â€Å"The image of Seldon was too correct, too impossibly correct after five hundred years. It's the eighth time he has appeared, I believe. On some occasions, no one was there to hear him. On at least one occasion, in the time of Indbur III, what he had to say was utterly out of synchronization with reality but that was in the time of the Mule, wasn't it? But when, on any of those occasions, was he as correct as he was now?† Trevize allowed himself a small smile. â€Å"Never before, Madam Mayor, as far as our recordings of the past are concerned, has Seldon managed to describe the situation so perfectly, in all its smallest details.† Branno said, â€Å"Is it your suggestion that the Seldon appearance, the holographic image, is faked; that the Seldon recordings have been prepared by a contemporary such as myself, perhaps; that an actor was playing the Seldon role?† â€Å"Not impossible, Madam Mayor, but that's not what I mean. The truth is far worse. I believe that it is Seldon's image we see, and that his description of the present moment in history is the description he prepared five hundred years ago. I have said as much to your man, Kodell, who carefully guided me through a charade in which I seemed to support the superstitions of the unthinking Foundationer.† â€Å"Yes. The recording will be used, if necessary, to allow the Foundation to see that you were never really in the opposition.† Trevize spread his arms. â€Å"But I am. There is no Seldon Plan in the sense that we believe there is, and there hasn't been for perhaps two centuries. I have suspected that for years now, and what we went through in the Time Vault twelve hours ago proves it.† â€Å"Because Seldon was too accurate?† â€Å"Precisely. Don't smile. That is the final proof.† â€Å"I'm not smiling, as you can see. Go on.† â€Å"How could he have been so accurate? Two centuries ago, Seldon's analysis of what was then the present was completely wrong. Three hundred years had passed since the Foundation was set up and he was wide of the mark. Completely!† â€Å"That, Councilman, you yourself explained a few moments ago. It was because of the Mule. The Mule was a mutant with intense mental power and there had been no way of allowing for him in the Plan.† â€Å"But he was there just the same – allowed or not. The Seldon Plan was derailed. The Mule didn't rule for long and he had no successor. The Foundation regained its independence and its domination, but how could the Seldon Plan have gotten back on target after so enormous a tearing of its fabric?† Branno looked grim and her aging hands clasped together tightly. â€Å"You know the answer to that. There were one of two Foundations. You've read the history books.† â€Å"I've read Arkady's biography of her grandmother – required reading in school, after all – and I've read her novels, too. I've read the official view of the history of the Mule and afterward. Am I to be allowed to doubt them?† â€Å"In what way?† â€Å"Officially we, the First Foundation, were to retain the knowledge of the physical sciences and to advance them. We were to operate openly, our historical development following – whether we knew it or not – the Seldon Plan. There was, however, also the Second Foundation, which was to preserve and further develop the psychological sciences, including psychohistory, and their existence was to be a secret even from us. The Second Foundation was the fine-tuning agency of the Plan, acting to adjust the currents of Galactic history, when they turned from the paths outlined by the Plan.† â€Å"Then you answer yourself,† said the Mayor. â€Å"Bayta Darell defeated the Mule, perhaps under the inspiration of the Second Foundation, although her granddaughter insists that was not so. It was the Second Foundation without doubt, however, which labored to bring Galactic history back to the Plan after the Mule died and, quite obviously, they succeeded. – What on Terminus, then, are you talking about, Councilman?† â€Å"Madam Mayor, if we follow Arkady Darell's account, it is clear that the Second Foundation, in making the attempt to correct Galactic history, undermined Seldon's entire scheme, since in their attempt to correct they destroyed their own secrecy. We, the First Foundation, realized that our mirror image, the Second Foundation, existed, and we could not live with the knowledge that we were being manipulated. We therefore labored to find the Second Foundation and to destroy it.† Branno nodded. â€Å"And we succeeded, according to Arkady Darell's account, but quite obviously, not until the Second Foundation had placed Galactic history firmly on track again after its disruption by the Mule. It is still on track.† â€Å"Can you believe that? The Second Foundation, according to the account, was located and its various members dealt with. That was in 378 F. E., a hundred twenty years ago. For five generations, the have supposedly been operating without the Second Foundation, and yet have remained so close to target where the Plan is concerned that you and the image of Seldon spoke almost identically.† â€Å"This might be interpreted to mean that I have seen into the significance of developing history with keen insight:† â€Å"Forgive me. I do not intend to cast doubt upon your keen insight, but to me it seems that the more obvious explanation is that the Second Foundation was never destroyed. It still rules us. It still manipulates us. – And that is why we have returned to the track of the Seldon Plan.† If the Mayor was shocked by the statement, she showed no sign of it. It was past 1 A. m. and she wanted desperately to bring an end to it, and yet could not hasten. The young man had to be played and she did not want to have him break the fishing line. She did not want to have to dispose of him uselessly, when he might first be made to serve a function. She said, â€Å"Indeed? You say then that Arkady's tale of the Kalganian war and the destruction of the Second Foundation was false? Invented? A game? A lie?† Trevize shrugged. â€Å"It doesn't have to be. That's beside the point. Suppose Arkady's account were completely true, to the best of her knowledge. Suppose all took place exactly as Arkady said it did; that the nest of Second Foundationers was discovered, and that they were disposed of. How can we possibly say, though, that we got every last one of them? The Second Foundation was dealing with the entire Galaxy. They were not manipulating the history of Terminus alone or even of the Foundation alone. Their responsibilities involved more than our capital world or our entire Federation. There were bound to be some Second Foundationers that were a thousand – or more – parsecs away. Is it likely we would have gotten them all? â€Å"And if we failed to get them all, could we say we had won? Could the Mule have said it in his time? He took Terminus, and with it all the worlds it directly controlled – but the Independent Trading Worlds still stood. He took the Trading Worlds – yet three fugitives remained: Ebling Mis, Bayta Darell, and her husband. He kept both men under control and left Bayta – only Bayta – uncontrolled. He did this out of sentiment, if we are to believe Arkady's romance. And that was enough. According to Arkady's account, one person – only Bayta – was left to do as she pleased, and because of her actions the Mule was not able to locate the Second Foundation and was therefore defeated. â€Å"One person left untouched, and all was Lost! That's the importance of one person, despite all the legends that surround Seldon's Plan to the effect that the individual is nothing and the mass is all. â€Å"And if we left not just one Second Foundationer behind, but several dozen, as seems perfectly likely, what then? Would they not gather together, rebuild their fortunes, take up their careers again, multiply their numbers by recruitment and training, and once mare make us all pawns?† Branno said gravely, â€Å"Do you believe that?† â€Å"I am sure of it.† â€Å"But tell me, Councilman? Why should they bother? Why should the pitiful remnant continue to cling desperately to a duty no one welcomes? What drives them to keep the Galaxy along its path to the Second Galactic Empire? And if the small band insists on fulfilling its mission, why should we care? Why not accept the path of the Plan and be thankful that they will see to it that we do not stray or lose our way?† Trevize put his hand over his eyes and rubbed them. Despite his youth, he seemed the more tired of the two. He stared at the Mayor and said, â€Å"I can't believe you. Are you under the impression that the Second Foundation is doing this for us? That they are some sort of idealists? Isn't it clear to you from your knowledge of politics – of the practical issues of power and manipulation – that they are doing it for themselves? â€Å"We are the cutting edge. We are the engine, the force. We labor and sweat and bleed and weep. They merely control-adjusting an amplifier here, closing a contact there, and doing it all with ease and without risk to themselves. Then, when it is all done and when, after a thousand years of heaving and straining, we have set up the Second Galactic Empire, the people of the Second Foundation will move in as the ruling elite.† Branno said, â€Å"Do you want to eliminate the Second Foundation then? Having moved halfway to the Second Empire, do you want to take the chance of completing the task on our own and serving as our own elite? Is that it?† â€Å"Certainly! Certainly! Shouldn't that be what you want, too? You and I won't live to see it, but you have grandchildren and someday I may, and they will have grandchildren, and so on. I want them to have the fruit of our labors and I want them to look back to us as the source, and to praise us for what we have accomplished. I don't want it all to fall to a hidden conspiracy devised by Seldon – who is no hero of mine. I tell you he is a greater threat than the Mule – if we allow his Plan to go through. By the Galaxy, I wish the Mule had disrupted the Plan altogether – and forever. We would have survived him. He was one of a kind and very mortal. The Second Foundation seems to be immortal.† â€Å"But you would like to destroy the Second Foundation, is that not so?† â€Å"If I knew how!† â€Å"Since you don't know how, don't you think it quite likely they will destroy you?† Trevize looked contemptuous. â€Å"I have had the thought that even you might be under their control. Your accurate guess as to what Seldon's image would say and your subsequent treatment of me could be all Second Foundation. You could be a hollow shell with a Second Foundation content.† â€Å"Then why are you talking to me as you are?† â€Å"Because if you are under Second Foundation control, I am lost in any case and I might as well expel some of the anger within me and because, in actual fact, I am gambling that you are not under their control, that you are merely unaware of what you do.† Branno said, â€Å"You win that gamble, at any rate. I am not under anyone's control but my own. Still, can you be sure I am telling the truth? Were I under control of the Second Foundation, would I admit it? Would I even myself know that I was under their control? â€Å"But there is no profit in such questions. I believe I am not under control and you have no choice but to believe it, too. Consider this, however. If the Second Foundation exists, it is certain that their biggest need is to make sure that no one in the Galaxy knows they exist. The Seldon Plan only works well if the pawns-we-are not aware of how the Plan works and of how we are manipulated. It was because the Mule focused the attention of the Foundation on the Second Foundation that the Second Foundation was destroyed in Arkady's time. – Or should I say nearly destroyed, Councilman? â€Å"From this we can deduce two corollaries. First, we can reasonably suppose that they interfere grossly as little as they can. We can assume it would be impossible to take us all over. Even the Second Foundation, if it exists, must have limits to its power. To take over some and allow others to guess the fact would introduce distortions to the Plan. Consequently, we come to the conclusion that their interference is as delicate, as indirect, as sparse as is possible – and therefore I am not controlled. Nor are you.† Trevize said, â€Å"That is one corollary and I tend to accept it – out of wishful thinking, perhaps. What is the other?† â€Å"A simpler and more inevitable one. If the Second Foundation exists and wishes to guard the secret of that existence, then one thing is sure. Anyone who thinks it still exists, and talks about it, and announces it, and shouts it to all the Galaxy must, in some subtle way, be removed by them at once, wiped out, done away with. Wouldn't that be your conclusion, too?† Trevize said, â€Å"Is that why you have taken me into custody, Madam Mayor? To protect me from the Second Foundation?† â€Å"In a way. To an extent. Liono Kodell's careful recording of your beliefs will be publicized not only in order to keep the people of Terminus and the Foundation from being unduly disturbed by your silly talk – but to keep the Second Foundation from being disturbed. If it exists, I do not want to have its attention drawn to you.† â€Å"Imagine that,† said Trevize with heavy irony. â€Å"For my sake? For my lovely brown eyes?† Branno stirred and then, quite without warning, laughed quietly. She said, â€Å"I am not so old, Councilman, that I am not unaware that you have lovely brown eyes and, thirty years ago, that might have been motive enough. At this time, however, I wouldn't move a millimeter to save them – or all the rest of you – if only your eyes were involved. But if the Second Foundation exists, and if their attention, is drawn to you, they may not stop with you. There's my life to consider, and that of a number of others far mare intelligent and valuable than you – and all the plans we have made.† â€Å"Oh? Do you believe the Second Foundation exists, then, that you react so carefully to the possibility of their response?† Branno brought her fist down upon the table before her. â€Å"Of course I do, you consummate fool! If I didn't know the Second Foundation exists, and if I weren't fighting them as hard and as effectively as I could, would I care what you say about such a subject? If the Second Foundation did not exist, would it matter that you are announcing they do? I've wanted for months to shut you up before you went public, but lacked the political power to deal roughly with a Councilman. Seldon's appearance made me look good and gave me the power – if only temporarily – and at that moment, you did go public. I moved at once, and now I will have you killed without a twinge of conscience or a microsecond of hesitation – if you don't do exactly as you're told. â€Å"Our entire conversation now, at an hour in which I would much rather be in bed and asleep, was designed to bring you to the point of believing me when I tell you this. I want you to know that the problem of the Second Foundation, which I was careful to have you outline, gives me reason enough and inclination to have you brainstopped without trial.† Trevize half-rose from his seat. Branno said, â€Å"Oh, don't make any moves. I'm only an old woman, as you're undoubtedly telling yourself, but before you could place a hand on me, you'd be dead. We are under observation, foolish young man, by my people.† Trevize sat down. He said, just a bit shakily, â€Å"You make no sense. If you believed the Second Foundation existed, you wouldn't be speaking of it so freely. You wouldn't expose yourself to the dangers to which you say I am exposing myself.† â€Å"You recognize, then, that I have a bit more good sense than you do. In other words, you believe the Second Foundation exists, yet you speak freely about it, because you are foolish. I believe it exists, and I speak freely, too – but only because I have taken precautions. Since you seem to have read Arkady's history carefully, you may recall that she speaks of her father having invented what she called a ‘Mental Static Device.' It serves as a shield to the kind of mental power the Second Foundation has. It still exists and has been improved on, too, under conditions of the greatest secrecy. This house is, for the moment, reasonably safe against their prying. With that understood, let me tell you what you are to do.† â€Å"What's that?† â€Å"You are to find out whether what you and I think is so is indeed so. You are to find out if the Second Foundation still exists and, if so, where. That means you will have to leave Terminus and go I know not where – even though it may in the end turn out, as in Arkady's day, that the Second Foundation exists among us. It means you will not return till you have something to tell us; and if you have nothing to tell us, you will never return, and the population of Terminus will be less one fool.† Trevize found himself stammering. â€Å"How on Terminus can I look for them without giving away the fact? They will simply arrange a death for me, and you will be none the wiser.† â€Å"Then don't look for them, you naive child. Look for something else. Look for something else with all your heart and mind, and if, in the process, you come across them because they have not bothered to pay you any attention, then goods You may, in that case, send us the information by shielded and coded hyperwave, and you may then return as a reward.† â€Å"I suppose you have something in mind that I should look for.† â€Å"Of course I do. Do you know Janov Pelorat?† â€Å"Never heard of him.† â€Å"You will meet him tomorrow. He will tell you what you are looking for and he will leave with you in one of our most advanced ships. There will be just the two of you, for two are quite enough to risk. And if you ever try to return without satisfying us that you have the knowledge we want, then you will be blown out of space before you come within a parsec of Terminus. That's all. This conversation is over.† She arose, looked at her bare hands, then slowly drew on her gloves. She turned toward the door, and through it came two guards, weapons in hand. They stepped apart to let her pass. At the doorway she turned. â€Å"There are other guards outside. Do nothing that disturbs them or you will save us all the trouble of your existence.† â€Å"You will also then lose the benefits I might bring you,† said Trevize and, with an effort, lie managed to say it lightly. â€Å"We'll chance that,† said Branno with an unamused smile. Outside Liono Kodell was waiting for her. He said, â€Å"I listened to the whole thing, Mayor. You were extraordinarily patient.† â€Å"And I am extraordinarily tired. I think the day has been seventy-two hours long. You take over now.† â€Å"I will, but tell me. Was there really a Mental Static Device about the house?† â€Å"Oh, Kodell,† said Branno wearily. â€Å"You know better than that. What was the chance anyone was watching? Do you imagine the Second Foundation is watching everything, everywhere, always? I'm not the romantic young Trevize is; he might think that, but I don't. And even if that were the case, if Second Foundational eyes and ears were everywhere, would not the presence of an MSD have given us away at once? For that matter, would not its use have shown the Second Foundation a shield against its powers existed – once they detected a region that was mentally opaque? Isn't the secret of such a shield's existence – until we are quite ready to use it to the full – something worth not only more than Trevize, but more than you and I together? And yet†¦Ã¢â‚¬  They were in the ground-car, with Kodell driving. â€Å"And yet†¦Ã¢â‚¬  said Kodell. â€Å"And yet what?† said Branno. † – Oh yes. And yet that young man is intelligent. I called him a fool in various ways half a dozen times just to keep him in his place, but he isn't one. He's young and he's read too many of Arkady Darell's novels, and they have made him think that that's the way the Galaxy is – but he has a quick insight about him and it will be a pity to lose him.† â€Å"You are sure then that he will be lost?† â€Å"Quite sure,† said Branno sadly. â€Å"Just the same, it is better that way. We don't need young romantics charging about blindly and smashing in an instant, perhaps, what it has taken us years to build. Besides, he will serve a purpose. He will surely attract the attention of the Second Foundationers – always assuming they exist and are indeed concerning themselves with us. And while they are attracted to him, they will, perchance, ignore us. Perhaps we can gain even more than the good fortune of being ignored. They may, we can hope, unwittingly give themselves away to us in their concern with Trevize, and let us have an opportunity and time to devise countermeasures.† â€Å"Trevize, then, draws the lightning.† Branno's lips twitched. â€Å"Ah, the metaphor I've been looking for. He is our lightning rod, absorbing the stroke and protecting us from harm.† â€Å"And this Pelorat, who wilt also be in the path of the lightning bolt?† â€Å"He may suffer, too. That can't be helped.† Kodell nodded. â€Å"Well, you know what Salvor Hardin used to say. ‘Never let your sense of morals keep you from doing what is right.'† â€Å"At the moment, I haven't got a sense of morals,† muttered Branno. â€Å"I have a sense of bone-weariness. And yet – I could name a number of people I would sooner lose than Golan Trevize. He is a handsome young man. – And, of course, he knows it.† Her tact words slurred as she closed her eyes and fell into a light sleep.

Consulting Services for Contingency Planning

Consulting Services for Contingency Planning There are many companies that provide consulting services to entrepreneurs. Among them, one can distinguish such organizations as Mind Tools Corporate, Contingency Planning Solutions , Inc., and Lloyds TSB. Each of them specializes in contingency planning.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Consulting Services for Contingency Planning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These companies have been selected because they work with various businesses, including small manufacturing firms that hire no more than 100 employees. Furthermore, they offer various services to clients, for instance, the training of workers or the development of information technologies that can be used to mitigate the impacts of a calamity (Lloyds TSB, 2013, unpaged). It should be taken into account that these organizations do not usually specify the exact amount of time that will be needed to develop a contingency plan because the length of the ir activities can depend on the specific production processes adopted by a manufacturing term. Nevertheless, this task can require a consulting firm approximately thirty days. Secondly, each of these organizations is ready to organize training for the employees of a business that needs consulting services (Lloyds TSB, 2013; Contingency Planning Solutions, 2013; Mind Tools Corporate, 2013). Overall, these consulting firms understand that manufacturers may need to communicate with experts who are knowledgeable in a specific area of production or risk management (Contingency Planning Solutions, 2013). This is why they hold many seminars that can be attended by many businesses. This is one of the main aspects that can be identified. Furthermore, these consulting firms do not specify the price for their services. In order to learn more about these questions, one should contact the management of these firms. This is one of the details that should not be overlooked by entrepreneurs. Apart from that, the consulting firms explain what kind of risks they can address. In particular, one can mention equipment failure, physical problems such as flooding or fire, the failures of suppliers, and suppliers (Lloyds TSB, 2013). In other words, they explain what kind of assistance they can offer. It seems that this information can be of great relevance to potential customers who want to learn more about the nature of consulting services that will be offered to them.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, some of these organizations enable customers to test the efficiency of the contingency plans (Lloyds TSB, 2013). In this way, manufacturers can gain better a better idea about the risks to which they can be exposed (Lloyds TSB, 2013). Therefore, these businesses provide a wide range of services to the potential clients. Overall, it is possible to choose such a company as Lloyds TSB because this organization provides the most detailed explanation of how their services can benefit a business. Apart from that, this company explains how its representatives will interact with clients. This is one of the main aspects that can be identified. These examples indicate that consulting firms provide a wide range of services to manufacturers. They usually place much emphasis on training of employees and development of specific steps that can address various types of problems. Nevertheless, they do not normally specify the timelines of their work. Certainly, the companies discussed in this paper are not the only consulting firms. However, the selected organizations give detailed information about their services and explain how they can create value for clients. This is the main argument that can be put forward. Reference List Contingency Planning Solutions. (2013). Services. Web. Lloyds TSB. (2013).Contingency planning. Web. Mind Tools C orporate. (2013). Features. Retrieved from https://www.mindtools.com/corporate/features.phpAdvertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Consulting Services for Contingency Planning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

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Free Essays on Gender Stereotypes Among Children

Introduction In a society which is rife with gender stereotypes and biases, children regularly learn to adopt gender roles, which are not always fair to both sexes. Children are exposed to many factors, which influence their attitudes and behavior regarding gender roles. These attitudes and behaviors are generally learned first in the home and are then reinforced by the child’s peers, school experience, and television viewing. However the strongest influence on gender role development seems to occur within family setting. Children learn at a very early age what it means to be a boy or a girl in out society. It is difficult for a child to grow to adulthood without experiencing some form of gender bias or stereotyping, whether it be the expectation that boys are better than girls at math or the idea that only females can nurture children. Parental Influence A child’s earliest exposure to what it means to be male or female comes from parents. From the tome their children are babies, parents treat sons and daughters differently, dressing infants in gender specific colors, giving differentiated toys, and expecting different behavior from boys and girls. One study indicated that parents have differential expectations of sons and daughters as early as 24 hours after birth. EX: One study found that children at two and half years of age use gender stereotypes in negotiating their world and are likely to generalize gender stereotypes to variety of activities, objects and occupations. Children even deny the reality of what they are seeing when it doesn’t conform to their gender expectations (ex: a child whose mother is a doctor stating that only men are doctors) Boys vs. Girls Most parents prefer male children to female children throughout the world. This preference for male children is further emphasized by the finding that parents are more likely to continue having children if they have only girls than if the... Free Essays on Gender Stereotypes Among Children Free Essays on Gender Stereotypes Among Children Introduction In a society which is rife with gender stereotypes and biases, children regularly learn to adopt gender roles, which are not always fair to both sexes. Children are exposed to many factors, which influence their attitudes and behavior regarding gender roles. These attitudes and behaviors are generally learned first in the home and are then reinforced by the child’s peers, school experience, and television viewing. However the strongest influence on gender role development seems to occur within family setting. Children learn at a very early age what it means to be a boy or a girl in out society. It is difficult for a child to grow to adulthood without experiencing some form of gender bias or stereotyping, whether it be the expectation that boys are better than girls at math or the idea that only females can nurture children. Parental Influence A child’s earliest exposure to what it means to be male or female comes from parents. From the tome their children are babies, parents treat sons and daughters differently, dressing infants in gender specific colors, giving differentiated toys, and expecting different behavior from boys and girls. One study indicated that parents have differential expectations of sons and daughters as early as 24 hours after birth. EX: One study found that children at two and half years of age use gender stereotypes in negotiating their world and are likely to generalize gender stereotypes to variety of activities, objects and occupations. Children even deny the reality of what they are seeing when it doesn’t conform to their gender expectations (ex: a child whose mother is a doctor stating that only men are doctors) Boys vs. Girls Most parents prefer male children to female children throughout the world. This preference for male children is further emphasized by the finding that parents are more likely to continue having children if they have only girls than if the...

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Academic Integrity & Plagiarism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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To what extent the negative internet contents affect children Essay

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Distributed Information Systems Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Distributed Information Systems - Assignment Example With the aim to ease up information system within the local administration motel and the head office administration as well as to the on-line clients, the system allows access to all stored data in a uniform way regardless of where the user is located. All existing data about customer, branch, and headquarters will be preserved in the new system and accessed uniformly despite its different physical storage locations and formats. Car-free Motel Customers may log-in using their username and password for security. New customers may register their own username and password. Car-free website has its own domain and URL available worldwide online. Local Branch Administrator and users may access their branch data in order to update customer bookings, room availability, room type and price of room. They may also check record of customer as well as credit card validity. The Headquarters can access all data regarding all customers and all branches including bookings, room availability and rates, and promotions. They may delete or add a motel branch on the listing as they wish. History and credit card validity can also be accessed by the Headquarters. Analysis: To enable the Information Technology consultant to facilitate the above mentioned goals, it is necessary that all client requirements and needs are presented. Likewise, the local administrators of each Car-free Motel branch not only meet skills and knowledge but also their exact needs from client and motel operations so that a smooth, lesser hassle operation is guaranteed. Foremost, the central administration or headquarters must be thoroughly or highly reliable, updated in the system to enable changes, update, deletion, addition of information. It is not enough that the IT consultant can provide the necessary client requirement. A three way interface allowing full access of information by the central administration is necessary, but must be clearly coordinated with all users. While local administration branches may access limited data such as present or existing client data, motel room availability, deletion of motel listing, update of price, room available and room type, promotiona l update, among others necessary in order to address need of client as well as ease of data facilitation between client and branch administration, and local branch

Hewlett packered Strategic Choices mgt 499 Essay

Hewlett packered Strategic Choices mgt 499 - Essay Example This report aims at understanding and analysing what changes Hurd has made to organisation and how it fits in with his vision for the company (HP, 2008). When Hurd was elected as the CEO of the Hewlett Packard, he also brought about a new vision for the company. He did not concentrate on the competition that the company faces. Hurd has a strong belief which he said out in one of the meeting, where he mentioned that it is important to understand how long it might take for a company to ensure the work is done. He has always believed that HP has a very high potential to improve a lot and that a few changes will help the company grow to higher levels of success. This he has been able to achieve and show in the results. Once Mark was appointed it was within five months that the company started showing improvements. He emphasised on the no ‘Drama’ nonsense and it was felt through out the organisation. Hurd brought in a strict environment of ‘No – nonsense’ which has created a strong impact over the entire organisation. Hurd has shown the importance he gives to the company performance and has been a person who believes in numbers, spreadsheets and mainly execution. He has proved in his traits that he would not tolerate any nonsense and did not believe in pitching high visions for the company. Hurd has during the first five months of his tenure tried to calm things down in the company. The company has had an idea where the company has some earthshaking event once every 15 minutes. Hurd has tried to ensure this is firstly settled as it is not clear where this idea has been developed from. Hurd believes in executing and does not bother about what is being spoken or said. Hurd has worked really hard to ensure there is complete accountability for every employee within the organisation. Hurd emphasised that the company is in no way the same old pre – Fiorina HP. Hurd as mentioned earlier is very results

Extended School Day Essay Example for Free

Extended School Day Essay Imagine you are a seven-year-old whoses parents work until five each night. When you come home after school there is no one home with you. What could you get into? You might know right from wrong but you still might get yourself into some trouble. Just out of plain curiosity you might get into something or an accident could happen without you even being involved in it. But I say there is a way to stop this from ever happening. I think we should either keep schools open longer or introduce more after school programs. Many advantages would come from either of these ideas. For one the parents would not have to be in a state of worry about whether their child is safe at home or in trouble. Plus you always have that added guilt about not being able to help your kids with their homework. Now with either longer days or more after school programs a lot of stress could be taken away from your family. No more having to pay for sitters which could stress out a families finances. Also the dangers of the kids being home and getting into trouble would be cut down severely. And also with the longer days or more after school programs parents would be able to get home, at least one parent would be home, to pick their kids off the bus. I wanted to suggest some programs I feel would help out with the problem at hand. These programs would be a reading and math after school program. One program I would suggest is a reading after school program. It is said that today, too many children fail to read at a level we would expect for the grade they are in. In a study done in 1998, the National Assessment of Educational Progress found that, thirty eight percent of our nations fourth graders failed to read at the basic level. That fact alone says we must enforce more after school programs. Now they also found that sixty-four percent of African American and sixty percent of Hispanic American fourth graders read below the basic level. This shows we need to not only put these programs in suburban schools but also city schools. Research has shown that students who are behind in reading can catch up to grade level with additional reading instruction and tutoring after school and in the summer. And that is what I am trying to put in effect. We all know that to succeed in school all students need good reading skills, and thats just a fact. Another program that I think is good is a mathematics after school Program. I has been found that students who take rigorous mathematics courses are much more likely to go on to college and into promising careers than those who do not. And with technology becoming more prevalent in the workplace, the need for employees with mathematics backgrounds has greatly increased. In my research I have found that far too many students finish middle and junior high school without developing a solid foundation in algebra and geometry. Research done by the international comparative assessments said that U. S. student achievement in mathematics falls below the average in the middle grades. We need to help improve this. I think some other important facts help support my case for the longer school day and the after school programs in this little chart. Some reasons why the public supports after school programs: *Over 28 million school-age children have both parents or their only parent in the workforce. *At least 5 million children and possibly as many as 15 million are left alone at home each week. *Many children, especially low-income children, lose ground in reading if they are not engaged in organized learning over the summer. *Experts agree that school-age children who are unsupervised during the hours after school are more likely to receive poor grades and drop out of school than those who are involved in supervised, constructive activities. *Statistics show that most juvenile crime takes place between the hours of 2:00 and 8:00 pm, and that children are also at much greater risk of being the victims of crime during the hours after school. Here is another chart showing that after school programs enhance a childs academic achievement. *Participants in after-school programs:* *Show increased interest and ability in reading *Develop new skills and interests *Show improved school attendance, increased engagement in school, and reduced dropout rate *Turn in more and better quality homework and can spend more time on task. *Are held back or placed in special education classes less frequently *Show higher aspirations for the future, including intention to complete high school and go to college. These facts are real. This is why I picked trying to make a longer day and more after school programs. And with these two programs the numbers will go up. I plan on adding more programs to what I have wrote in here. But I think implementing a longer school day and these after school programs should help not only the parents of these children but the children themselves.

Life Cycle Analysis To Assess District Energy

Life Cycle Analysis To Assess District Energy Introduction Life Cycle Analysis is the method used by individuals working in procurement to assess District Energy. This is done so as to understand the amount needed to create cooling on the site; though this analysis is carried out for the duration of 20 40 years and then it is equated with district cooling proposal. The concept of Life Costing is being widely used because of the productivity associated with it. Practically, mechanical / electrical equipment live short lives, but energy consumption, maintenance and renewal programmes are expenses. Both present and future costs are genuine, Example, in a rolling maintenance programme for major installations capital comes from the same fund. If these situations can be met then whole-life costing is vital. (Ferry 1964) Use of Whole life costing methods within the mechanical and electrical installations s most profitable since the amount of money spent on these is always growing. Variances between expenditure and running cost are constant in evaluation of energy-consuming systems. Drawbacks affecting calculations for whole-life costing is unaccountable in building fabric, because, Firstly, running costs of energy-consuming systems equate to considerable sum of the total whole-life costs. Secondly, restrictions on life span of mechanical / electrical installations and since they become obsolete quickly imply these installations should be considered for shorter periods as compared to building fabric. Thirdly, assumptions are held over short period time frames, any hypothesis on cost, interest rates and taxation are possibly more legitimate. (Ferry 1964) Fig 4.1 displays the proportional values of the various life cycle costs that a building owner would need to consider in order to produce cooling on site. (Damecour 2008) As can be seen in the above diagram, there are 3 clear parts to manufacture cooling on site; Natural gas or electricity, Operation and maintenance and Capital. Capital costs Capital for equipment is a fraction of the total installation cost. It is critical to consider this when deciding on what amount can be reduced by using district cooling system. For example in chiller plants, the chiller and cooling towers make up 25% of total cost. [See fig4.2] (Damecour 2008) Operation and maintenance: To operate chillers and cooling towers there is a need for well trained staff and budget for wear and tear of machines. Chillers need water and chemicals to work accurately. It is mandatory for the owner to insure all heavy machinery such as boilers, chillers and cooling towers. Besides, heavy machinery is sold with warranty contracts. Details of Case Study This case study evaluates the capital connected with a district cooling plant and Air cooled chiller package, but over a time frame of 30 years. The particulars of both are below. District Cooling Plant Employer: Emirates Central Cooling Systems Corporation (EMPOWER), Dubai Engineer for the Works: Ellerbe Becket Inc and Tebodin Middle East Ltd. Scope of work: The capacity of the job involved supply, installation, testing and commissioning of a central cooling plant. The plant will have a capacity of 56,000 tonnes of refrigeration. The specification of the building is 135 metres long x 40 metres wide and 37 metres high from basement floor level to the top of the parapet wall. Transgulf Electomechanical LLC, are the contractor on this project and will perform all functions relating to mechanical, electrical, process, civil and architectural components, including supply and installation of machinery. The capacity of work extends towards supply and installation of the instrumentation and controls in two phases for up to 40 ETSs (Energy transfer stations) located in developers buildings around DHCC area and wiring them back to the central plant. It includes engineering as required, procurement and provision of manpower, materials, equipment and two years defect liability period. Project Time Schedule: In March 2008, the first 18000 tons of refrigeration has been connected to the pipeline network. The balance load will happen during part II of the work. The details of the equipment installed are indicated in the Annexure 4.1. District cooling system model Firstly, chilled water is scattered between DCS and buildings through a three-level chilled water piping system, which comprises of production loop with constant speed pump. Each chiller has a dedicated production loop pump, and the two are controlled together. Secondly, distribution loop pumps defeat pressure loss, as acquired by chilled water flowing between DCS and the buildings. Distribution is hydraulically separated from production loop by existence of separate bypass pipes between the loops. All distribution loop pumps have changeable speed. Thirdly, secondary loop in each building includes a number of changeable speeds, with variable flow chilled pumps, for distributing chilled water through the airside apparatus in the building. Heat exchangers are built-in to segregate distribution loop of DCS from secondary loop in each building, which keeps system pressure in the distribution loop at a low. Lastly, there are total 4 zones T1, T2, T3 and T4 as indicated in the drawing (Fig 4.3) which shows the location of the ETS stations and the load detail. The load details of Phase I are in Annexure 4.2. Air Cooled Chiller Package Transgulf Electromechanical has provided information on air cooled chiller package for comparison. Employer : Dubai World Trade Centre Engineer : RMJM consultants. Capacity of chiller : 275 TR Type : Air cooled chiller Information on machinery, model number and power consumption are in annexure 4.3. Factors considered for costing 1. The real cooling capacity that a building needs is a much lower number than the chiller capacity. On the basis of the design cooling loads predicted for the twenty one buildings in four building zone the connected load is 18000 TR and the actual load is 15738 TR. Accordingly the district cooling plant is designed for 8 chillers working (8 x 2000 TR = 16000 TR) and 1 standby (2000 TR). The connected load (17796 TR) correlates to sum of fixed capacity of the chiller plants needed by each building if each had a plant, but 16000 TR relates to the cooling capacity required of a DCS to serve 21 ETS stations. Outcome of diversity in cooling load among buildings can be taken advantage of by using district cooling plant to serve groups of buildings. Air cooled chiller packages are in multiples of 275 TR (66 chiller packages) as total load of 18150 TR to be fixed in 21 buildings. 2. Study is based on NPV (present worth value) and EAC (equivalent annual cost); across initial and operating costs. Choice depends on which requires least LCC (life-cycle cost) and can execute the duty for its life span. (Al Daini et al 2002). Comparisons are made only between co-terminated proposals, to guarantee comparable results. Co-termination means, lives of systems involved end at the same time, which is not the case in this work. When alternatives have unequal lives, time span for analysis can be set by common multiples of system lives or a study period ending with disposal of all systems. Common-multiple method is used to accommodate NPV for unequal-life systems. Like in this case study, least common multiple is 30 years for the district cooling plant. This means the air cooled chilled package has a lifetime of 15 years; and would be substituted once during the analysis period. The total NPV for analysis is derived by adding the NPV of single entity considered, both future single payment (i.e. replacement cost) items and series of equal future payment (i.e. annual operating cost). The value of money is the job of available interest rates and inflation rate. In equivalent annual method, all costs incurred over time are changed to an equal yearly amount. The EAC comparison method is most fitting, especially for systems that comprise of many subsystems with unequal life spans. In this case, there is no need to assume the replacement of a system. 3. Owning Costs: Economic analysis demands derivation of first cost and operational costs for every projected selection. It is significant in correctly assessing to reach a final decision, for overall approach and system choices. Life cycle cost evaluation comprises of first costs, utility costs, maintenance costs, operational costs, utility escalation rates and owners cost of money. (Richards et al 2000). There are four rudiments to calculate annual owning costs: Initial cost, Analysis or study period, Cost of capital and other periodic costs like replacement, refurbishment or disposal fees. These combined with operating costs, equates to economic analysis. (ASHRAE 2003) Initial costs A fair ballpark of capital cost of parts has resulted from cost records of installations of similar le design or quotations from manufacturers and contractors or referring market available cost- estimations. Analysis period Time span during which an economic analysis is carried out affects the outcome. This is decided by clear objectives, like length of planned ownership or loan repayment period. As the length of time in analysis period grows, the net present value decreases. The time period is not affected by equipment depreciation or service life, though it may be valuable for the study. In this study a single design life of 15 years was used to show a midway point between small and medium capacity equipment range for air cooled chiller package. Smaller equipment has a life span of 10 to 15 years while medium size equipment has 15 to 20 years. (Archibald et al 2002) In district cooling plants, machinery is all large scale and has a life span of 30 to 40 years as declared by district solution providers (Tabreed 2007). Though, in this analysis 30 years is considered to minimize the intricacy and work. Interest or discount rate Borrowed capital has high interest rates, albeit this rate is not apt enough to use in the study. Discount rate instead is used to give the actual value of money. This rate is affected by individual investment and profit, while interest rates are fixed. (ASHRAE 2003) Most establishments use WACC to calculate costs of capital as organizations can produce capital through debt or equity. Although return required for equity and debt is varied, debt holders have high risk as they access the organizations profits. Hence cost of the capital is calculated by taking a weighted average of both, and the weightings are introduced by level of debt and equity in the companys asset base, or the companys gearing. (EMA 2002) This estimation is from the hypothesis of cost of capital as 10% (as per break up in Annexure 4.4) to DCS by private sector. Operating costs Operating costs comprises of; cost of electricity, wages of employees, supplies, water, materials, chemicals and annual frequent costs associated with functioning of the system. For the vapor compression system, operating costs are subject to electricity needed to work the compressor. Extra electricity is needed to work the condenser water pump and cooling tower fans. This has been regarded in the calculation. DEWA tariff has also been considered. Wages are as per current UAE market rate. Maintenance Costs Maintenance cost is equal to final cost estimated for air-conditioning systems. Most frequently used maintenance towards building HVAC services are run-to-failure (unsuitable for the hospital), preventive, and predictive maintenance. Run to failure, capital is not spent until the machinery gives way. Preventive maintenance is planned by run time or calendar. Predictive maintenance is done by supervising machinery and using condition and performance indices to increase repair intervals. HVACR maintenance and utility costs form a high percentage of operating cost, hence it is critical to reduce cost on maintenance by managing the process well. Maintenance cost is hard to measure as it is liable on many variables like local labor rates, experience, age of the system, length of time of operation, etc. Although a fair prediction is derived from quotations for repairs and Annual maintenance contracts. Sensitivity analysis Most whole-life cost calculation includes a lot of suppositions and it is not probable to get the effect of change in these practically. One method of testing results attained from whole life cost calculation is to repeat the calculations in a methodical way, changing the value of a single variable (i.e. assumption) each time, and then one can see how sensitive results are to changes in the variable under consideration. Results if seen on a graph can show when; example, one component becomes more attractive than another. (Ferry 1964) Consequently, sensitivity analysis was done to learn the effect of change in DEWA tariff rate on life costs by keeping all parameters same and results are reflected in Figure I and Figure IV. Also the same was done by changing hours of operation; results are seen in Figure III and Figure VI. Explanatory notes to the costing Capital costs Air cooled chiller package 275 TR chiller package is used for contrast study as data of cost and power usage are accessible for a recent project completed in 2007 (Dubai World trade centre) Design fees are taken @ 4 % as per market trend in contracting business in Dubai. Total load requirement as per ETS integrator data is 18,000 TR which needs 66 number of 275 TR air cooled chiller packages. Hence cost as per 66 chiller packages was noted. District cooling plant The capital cost figures shown are for a recently executed project (Phase I completed in March 2008) at Dubai Health care city. Architect/Consultant fees are taken @ 8% as per market trend in contracting business in Dubai. Plant is constructed for 56,000 TR capacity. Civil cost should be allocated to 56,000 TR . Though this difference was not made in capital cost. Chiller cost is 18,000 TR (2000 TR x 9nos) in line with phase I ETS load. Land cost is taken from Dubai rent prices in 2006 in the Dubai Health care city. (UAE property trends 2006) Economic calculation requires consideration towards the space for the cooling machine which will be vacated for other purposes since the consumer is connected to the DC network (Soderman 2007). Although this was not considered in the calculation. Operating costs District cooling plant Power consumption for the plant is from SCADA reports as per annexure 4.5. The power consumption charges are assumed at 20 fils/kwh as per DEWA tariff rates from May2008. Sensitivity analysis by changing the rate to 33 fils/kwh is also done to learn the influence of revised rates from DEWA since June2008. Dubai health care city has residential, hospital buildings and office buildings and so has different running hours. Running hours are assumed as 4800 hrs per year (16 hours /day x 300 days working) and all calculations are based on 4800 hrs of operation. Results for operating at 3200 hrs and 6000 hrs are evaluated. Water costs are assumed as 4 fils/gallon as per DEWA tariff and run hours are 4800 hrs as per above. Air cooled package Power consumption is assumed as 20 fils/kwh as per DEWA tariff rate from May 2008. Since the start of slab tariff, consumption charges for each chiller package will be 20 fils/kwh as total consumption would not exceed the slab. Water and chemical requirements are not applicable for air cooled chiller package, since cooling tower is removed and chilled water system being a closed system the makeup water requirements are irrelevant to consider in costing. Life cycle costs are from budget costing figures formulated from basic equipment sizes, not detailed design solutions. This is supposed to be precise for comparison. 4.5 Inferences from cost comparison Figure I Figure IV District cooling plant has huge initial capital cost, though in the long term it is more advantageous. According to present worth method, district cooling is advantageous from 13th year when present worth becomes lower than air cooled chiller package, which is even before replacement of the chiller package. As operating and maintenance costs are sizably less with the same tariff for electricity as per before May 2008. Since the start of slab tariff rates for electricity from May 2008, air cooled chiller package NPV is lower than district cooling. As increase in operating costs of district cooling because of higher tariff (33 fils/kwh) when compared to air-cooled chiller package (20 fils/kwh) neutralises the advantage of less power consumption per unit of cooling produced by district cooling as compared to air cooled chiller package. Thus the massive disparity in capital costs of district cooling makes it not worth. Figure II In district cooling, capital cost is 56% while operation and maintenance is 44% of the cost. Compared to air cooled chiller package, initial capital investment is 30% while operation and maintenance is 70%. Hence throughout a life cycle of 30 years, OM costs for air cooled chiller package are much higher than the benefit of low capital investment. With equivalent annual cost method, district cooling plant is beneficial when weighed against air-cooled chiller package. Figure III and Figure VI 1. Operating hours of a cooling plant differ widely with use, example the chiller plant in typically HVAC equipment in commercial buildings run for a portion of 2,500 to 3,500 hours that the building is occupied. But in the industrial sector, commercial cooling systems are expanded to comprise of process cooling and function on two shifts or around the clock. Here it is possible to note that the plant runs for 8,000 hours per year. (Archibald et al 2002) Cost differentiation shows as operating hours lessen, differences in present worth between the DCP and ACC reduces. As hours of operation lessen, OM costs lessen and DCP loses the advantage to ACC. Although with more operating hours DCP becomes much more attractive than ACC. 2. As per the present worth method, DCP becomes productive from 15th year, the present worth becomes less than ACC because of substituting of the chiller package with 3600 hours of operation, in the 13th year with 4800 hours of operation and in 9th year of operation with 6000 hours of operation. Here it is visible how costs; except initial capital costs; can influence decisions. Figure V Comparison of DCP and ACC considering inflation is shown. Rates supposed for inflation the difference in costs of ACC and DCP over 30 years increases as compared to the cost comparison without inflation. District cooling system considerations and benefits. High cooling load demand and density are predominant reasons to select District Cooling. It is most commonly seen in universities, government facilities and hospitals, or in office and industrial complexes and high- rise urban districts. A high load density means a less extensive distribution system, which is very expensive. Shorter runs also minimize thermal and pressure losses and maintenance costs. A desirable companion to high load density is a favorable load factor. Means that the aggregate load over time tends to approach the peak block load condition. This analysis considers both factors, thus making DCP a better option. Infrastructure Requirements District Cooling Scheme needs a central plant and a central pipeline network to function. Consideration of these site necessities for district cooling facilities in planning and programming process for Strategic New Development areas in the beginning stage is priority to hold the master plans and certain easy execution of District Cooling Scheme. (Parsons 2003) Due to fast paced construction process any changes to the master plans and infrastructure corridors, can severely impact the completion of the district cooling project. Traffic Impact Review Since some of the pipelines laying works need to be on busy roads it is important to have an extensive Traffic Impact Assessment. For Dubai health care city careful notification was provided to the stakeholders to guarantee no inconvenience was caused due to pipeline installation. Under Ground Congestion These are higher than anticipated costs since there may be unexpected costs relating to congestion in underground services. These need to be overcome primarily in the planning process. (IDEA 2007) Chilled Water Temperature Differential Low chilled water temperature differential (Ά T) is a major district cooling weakness. Poor Ά T performance at cooling coils means lost cooling capacity, wasted energy, extra cost and added complexity for a thermal utility, its chilled water customers, or both. Health care city district cooling plant has power consumption of 1.12 kw/tr which is more than the desired consumption of less than 1 kw/tr due to low chilled water temperature difference. This increases operating costs. To encourage customers to invest in technology to improve Ά T performance in their buildings, an increasing number of utilities have established chilled water rates that vary inversely with Ά T . Figure 4.4 is an example of rates charged to customers from one prominent university in the United States. As can be seen, the lower the Ά T, the greater the rate. Conversely, customers that minimize their flow rate per ton cooling are rewarded. (Moe 2005) Risks and Uncertainties Faced By District Cooling Customers There is no bargaining power with the District Cooling Services Provider once a building is connected to District Cooling Scheme and Uncertainties over future tariffs. Risks and Uncertainties Faced By District Cooling Investors Demand is unpredictable, Uncertainty in dealing with building owners on District Cooling Supply Agreement (negotiations can be time consuming), Unpredictability relating to land costs for District Cooling plant room and distribution pipelines and High initial capital investments with long payback periods. (Parsons 2003) Strategic Environmental Assessment Noise The central chiller plant and pumps of the district cooling scheme are housed in underground plant rooms, this reduces the noise. As buildings connecting to District Cooling Scheme do not need to have their own chiller plant, the district cooling user building will have no noise. Appropriate techniques can be implemented to reduce the noise during construction stage of district cooling scheme. (Parsons 2003) Air Quality District cooling reduces electricity energy thus minimising carbon dioxide emission and will help improve air quality. Based on the case study for 4800 hours of operation the energy saving by using district cooling would be (1.91 -1.12)kw/ton x 4800 hrs x 18000 tons i.e. 68,256,000 KWh , which is equivalent to 104,772,960 lbs of CO2 (Electricity carbon emission factor 1.535 lbs CO2/KWh).(EPA 2006) Benefits of district cooling for project owners: A highly efficient solution: Given that this region has extreme heat, air conditioning can account for as much as 70% of the energy consumption in a typical building. Moving this load from individual houses to a central plant, the housing electric load is reduced considerably and along with it the number of electric substations and length and sizes of electric cables. District cooling requires far less electric power than multiple plant rooms or ducted splits. Also the plant room can house the electric substation, enormously reducing the electric works. Significant capital and O M cost reduction: Removing in-building or on-premise chiller plants by using district cooling schemes; means that availability of free land for other use. Also project owners do not need to buy more land to operate and maintain complex central air conditioning plants. They also need not have to replace expensive equipment. The industry has a two part tariff structure which is complex to understand. It is based on an Annual Capacity or Connection Charge for every ton committed to a property and also a Consumption Charge for the energy used measured through an energy meter installed for every end user. Palm district cooling has developed a new form of tariff structure that maintains the consumption charge but replaces the annual capacity charge or connection charge with a One Time Service Connection Charge (AED/sq ft) of the property. (Prashant 2007) Benefits of this tariff structure: Developer need not pay advance cost for DC, Developer does not need to pay for any air-conditioning chiller units during construction stage. The tenant or property owner contributes to the cost of the DC system at the time of purchasing his property [as he would do with conventional AC equipment]. When district cooling is an option, the building owner can invest capital towards amenities for tenants. Reduced project complexity means faster project completion: Dedicated experienced professionals take over the complex task of providing the cooling needs of the project, simplifying and expediting the project development cycle and expediting move-in dates and income generation Improved ROI numbers: Reduced initial up-front capital outlays for developers, faster move-in dates, reduced OM costs and the elimination of costs related to technical staff all translate into less financial risk for project owners, with improved return on investment and better project economies overall for developers and owners. No idle expensive capacity: District Cooling Solutions allow project owners to buy the capacity they need when they need it. Improved reliability and ease of operation: Economies of scale allow for sophisticated redundant systems resulting in superior 100% up-time performance and ease of operation for project owners. Units used are high-tech and industrial which dramatically decreases the failure frequency compared to commercial equipment. District cooling reliability is in excess of 99.94%. (Source: IDEA). (Papadopoulos et al 2006) The central chiller plant concept, almost by definition, is more flexible and more reliable and possesses a greater degree of redundancy than the concept involving individual cooling packages. Greater flexibility in design: Architects have more creative leeway due to the elimination of heavy machinery. Ecologically friendly: It provides for a noise free, clean environment for the tenants. The absence of tall towers allows for a clean environment.